Here is an introductory RTEMS presentation:
http://www.rtems.army.mil/rg4/intro/slide2.html
It is probably a bit out of date but should help provide an overview.
A brief background on RTEMS: It was developed by my company (OAR) for the U.S. Army Missile Command. The original API supported by RTEMS was the Real-Time Executive Interface Definition (RTEID). RTEMS, pSOS+, and VMEexec were all based on this specification. RTEMS now also includes support for POSIX threads and real-time extensions.
RTEMS offers very low overhead with useable configurations well under 32K. A minimal system on the m68k can be as small as 10K. RTEMS is deterministic with guaranteed execution times for nearly every operation. RTEMS has been ported to a number of CPU families including the m68k, i386, i960, powerpc, SPARC, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, and AMD 29K.
The next public release of RTEMS has a number of enhancements over the Release 3.6.0 currently available at http://www.rtems.army.mil. Important features in Release 4.0 include TCP/IP support, C++ class wrappers for the API, configuration via GNU autoconf, a "bare PC" bootable Board Support Package, and POSIX termios TTY support.
My company offers support and consulting services for RTEMS in the "traditional" free software model. The current WWW site http://www.oarcorp.com is seriously under construction with the new site scheduled to debut in conjunction with the 4.0 release.
I am one of the original RTEMS and will be happy to answer questions about RTEMS.
--Joel Sherrill joel@OARcorp.com